OFFERING

Definition :
The expression of “ Would you like....” is normally used for offering something to someone.

Example:
Adhan  : Would you like a tea, Sri ?
Sri        : Yes, please. Thank you.

              Hmmm...this tea tastes good

Adhan  : Thank you. I’m glad you like it. 

Sri       : yes,you're welcome.

Offering may refer to:
* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933.

Expression of offering:
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of tea, Carol?

* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Veronika?
* Would you care some salad?

Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?Declining an offering
* No, thanks
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

SIMPLE FUTURE

Definition :
Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow ,next week,next month ,next year,and so on.If past tenses express occurrence/activity after now ( time past ) ,tenses future simple express occurrence /activity before now
( time future).

Positive Tenses
Pattern :
-> S + will+ verb1+ O+ modifier
-> S + ( is,are.am ) + going + verb1+ O+ modifier
-> S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier

Example :
-> Farmers in Jati Bali will grow rice crops next month
-> Some students are going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester.
-> Transpiration will start to increase tomorrow morning.

Negative Tense
Pattern :
-> S + will + not + verb1+ O + modifier
-> S +{ ( is,are,am ) going to }+ not +verb1 + O + modifier
-> S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier
Example :
-> Farmers in Jati Bali will not grow rice crops next month
-> Transpiration will not start to increase tonight
-> He will not be very happy when he finds out.

Question
Pattern :
-> Will + S + verb1+ O + modifier
-> Will + S + { ( is,are,am ) going to }+ O + modifier
-> Will + S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier
Example :
-> Will farmers in Jati in Bali grow rice crops next month ?
-> Will transpiration start to increase tomorrow morning ?
-> Will he be very happy when he finds out ?

To offer to do something.
Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: don’t worry. I will lend you.

To assert an agreement to do something .
Example= A: you must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

To ask someone to do something.
Example= A: it’s very hot in my room.
B: certainly.

To predict event that will be happened
Example= A: will I pass the test next month?
B: don’t worry, you will pass.

To assert an incident/event that will be sure happened.
Example= A: I’m seventeen years old now.
How old will I be next year?
B: you will be eighteen years old next years.
All people and animals in the world will die

Future tense “shall”
* To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?
Note: shall for subject “I, we”


Future tense “be going to”
* To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example= A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: oh, I’m sorry I forgot.
I’m going to send it tonight.

* To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.
Example= A: The sky is very dark.
What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain

A. Time signal
1.Tomorrow…

2. Morning

3.Afternoon
4. Evening
5. Night
6.Time
7. Week
8. Month
9. Year
10. January

11. Tonight
 12The day after tomorrow
13. Soon
14. Later
15. Two, three more days
16. Two, three days later
17. By and by

B. Formation of sentences
1. Positive (+):
a. Subject + shall/will + VI
Example: I shall clean the room
We will go to school
She will give a present
Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”
b. Subject + be + going to + VI
Example:
I am going to play tennis
They are going to swim very fast
He is going to write a story

  

FINITE VERBS

Finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs.
Finite verb can form “ Independent clause “ which can stand by their own as complete sentences , an independent clause as a complete sentence. It contains themain subject and verb of a sentences.

In English , only verbs in certain mood are finite
These include :

1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.

Dalam indicative mood, finite verb harus menggunakan varb, example :
1. The buldoser demolished the restaurant.
2. Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital.
3. He has waited his father since morning.


2. Imperative mood : Giving a command .

Dalam imperative mood, finite verb tidak memerlukan subjek karena tanpa memakai subjek pun kalimatnya sudah jelas.

Example : 

1.Positive command
- Help me, please !

2.Negative verb
- Don’t do that.

NOUN PHRASES

Noun Phrases is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.

Example :

The most beautiful ring

The greatest King

An ugly cat

A lovely jacket

The determinative, that constituent which determines the reference of the noun phrase in its situational.

The premodification, which comprises all modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners.
The head, around which the other constituents cluster.

The structure of Noun Phrase:
Noun phrase : pre-modifiers + noun
Noun phrase : noun + post-modifier
Noun phrase : pre-modifiers + noun + post-modifier

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the past are :

1. Could

2. Would

3. Should

4. Shall

 

When do we use modals?

-> To talk about someone's ability (or inability) to do something
example: "We can find your house without the street plan."
"She can't have a daughter that old!"

-> To talk about an action that is necessary (or impossible, or not necessary)
example: "You must always have your driver's licence when you are driving your car."
"You needn't carry your passport around with you."

-> To talk about a situation that is possible (or impossible)
example: "Do be careful with that glass, the baby might knock it over"

*Could + Verb base

We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.

Example :

Nitha : I’m having trouble with math.

Rizki : Why don’t you ask Novita ?

Perhaps she could help you.

*Might + Verb base

Use might to tell possibillities.

Example :

Hera : Why is Rian taking the bus to get home.

Fana : He might get a flat time.

*Would + verb base

Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.

Example :

Bean : What did you usually do on holidays ?

Lien : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.

*Would + Mind + V-ing

Use would to express polite request.

Example :

Mrs. Pupy : Would you mind posting the letter ?

Mhiita : No, Not at all.

*Should + Verb base

Example :

Nisa : Putri , you should go to library now ?

Putri : O.k.

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

A. Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact word oe saying exactly what someone has said(sometimes called quoted speech) here what a peson says appears within quotation marks(“….”) and should be word for word.

Example of Direct Speech :
1. Adhan said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Rama says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Jalu will say, “I will do my best.” 

B. Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
    Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)

Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Lemi said to Vina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Lemi told Vina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)

Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)

Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".