HORTATORY EXPOSITION

And the last topic is HORTATORY EXPOSITION :D 

Definition of HORTATORY EXPOSITION is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. 

Hortatory is similar to analytical exposition but if we have to differentiate both from one to each other, we have one useful tool by making analysis on the generic structure. What makes hortatory different from analytical exposition is the last finalizing step which analytical exposition is ended by a reiteration while hortatory is finalized by certain a recommendation. 

Social Function :

   To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case.

Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition Text :

1)    Focusing on the writer

2)   Using action verb

3)   Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc

4)   Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, however, therefore, etc)

5)   Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc

6)   Using passive voice

7)   Using simple present tense

8)   The use of modals and adverbs (e.g. may, must, should, etc)

9)   The use of emotive words (e.g. worried, alarmed etc)

10) The use of words that qualify statements (e.g. usual, probably etc)

11)  The use of subjective opinions using pronouns I and we

Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition Text :

1)    Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern

2)   Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation

3)   Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments 

Example 1 of Hortatory Exposition Text

Mobile Phones Should Not be Banned in School [Tittle]

            Mobile phones is not used just for calling, but sending text, taking pictures, accessing internet, and much more. Many students bring their phones to school. For them, mobile phone has many uses. So, mobile phones should not be banned in school. Why do I said that? [Thesis]

       Firstly, students call their parents for other needs. By mobile phone, student can call or their close relative if they need something to be brought to school. In addition, mobile phone can be used to call their children when one of their family were hit by disasters suddenly. And then, student can called their parent to pick her up when want to go home. [Arguments]

       Secondly, increased of knowledge among students. When trying to find answer of difficult task at school, mobile phone can be used as a connecting to search the answer through GPRS or WiFi networks. [Arguments]

       Finally, expand the network of friendship among students. School is the right place to find friend. Average, student been at school about 7 hours or more. So that, a lot of students found their friend in the school environment . Therefore, communication between friends should be kept on of which using a mobile phone. [Arguments]

       So, I think mobile phone should not be banned in school. But, use your phone in the time and right place so that no one was disturbed. [Recommendation]

Example 2 :

WEATHER REPORT , TABLE & GRAPHS

Definition of weather report is a bit technical as compared to other report writing you have been practicing earlier. You need to choose words and phrases correctly and present the information gathered in the language of meteorologists.

Expressions used in a weather report :

•         A high of twenty degrees.

•         A low of -25.

•         20 percent chance of snow.

•         Mainly sunny.

•         Sunny with cloudy periods.

•         Above/below average temperatures.

•         A few flurries.

•         5-day forecast.

•          Temperatures are going to drop/dip/plunge (go down quickly).

•         Temperatures are going to rise/soar/climb (go up quickly).

•         A warm/cold front is moving in (air from another region is arriving)

   Name  of  Weather :

•                  Sunny 

•                  Warm  

•                  Hot

•                  Mild    

•                 Cold  

•                 Freezing

•                Cloudy    

•                Foggy  

•               Smoggy

•              Rainy  

•              Wet  

•              Dry

•              Windy    

•             Snow  

•             Thunder

•             Mist    

•             Blizzard  

•             Fog

•             Hurricane  

•             Overcast  

Example Weather report Text :

     Hello , Good morning. This is erick with local weather report.  It will be foggy this morning in almost all parts of town , followed by slight showers. Homever , the showers willnot last for a long time. By early afternoon it will be cloudy until late afternoon , followed by heavy rain with thunder storm in the evening into the night. Thank you.

Table :

Table presents facts and figures in compact form. There are several things that we need to pay attention to. They are, the table title, row or column labels, information given in individual cells and information given within rows and columns.

Steps we need to do to read the table:

1.     Observing the table title

2.     Observe the columns in the table

3.     Found significant differences in the data, either the highest, lowest and average

4.     Draw conclusions from the data presented in the table

Example:

NAME	CLASS	SCORE
JENNIE	A	70
THOMAS	B	80
RICK	B	75
JASON	C	90
JESSICA	D	85
JUSTIN	B	60

Graph is a visual concise means of presenting information.

There are basic kinds of graphs :

1.     Bar Graphs

2.     Line Graphs

3.     Circle or Pie Graphs

Graphs usually find in : clinic , BPS office , Library .etc

1.     Bar Graphs

Bar graphs is a type of graphs which contains labeled horizontal or vertical bars showing a piece of information and an axis. The numbers along the side of bar graph compose the axis. This is also called as a histogram, bar graph is useful when there is a numerical comparison.

2.     Line Graphs

A line graph is a way of representing two pieces of information, which is usually related and vary with respect to each other. This is useful when comparisons are needed.

Example :

3.     Pie Graphs

Cirle graphs (sometimes called pie or circle chart) are used to show the parts that make up a whole. They can be useful for comparing the size of relative parts.

 Example :

SO, TOO, EITHER, AND NEITHER

A. SO is used to show agreement with positive statements.

  To express positive agreement we use : SO + AUXILIARY* + SUBJECT

       Example :   Nadya likes playing chess. Shandy also likes playing chess.

  Nadya likes playing chess and so does Shandy

B. Too is used when the verb is in the affirmative form.

      we can use :  SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + TOO

      Example :

 Nadya likes playing chess. Shandy also likes playing chess.

 Nadya likes playing chess and Shandy does too.

C. Either is used when the verb is in the negative form. To express negative agreement we use:

       SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT + EITHER

     Example: 

      I do not go to school everyday. Erna does not go to school everyday.

      I do not go to school everyday and Erna does not either.

D. Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements.To express negative agreement we use:

      NEITHER + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT

    Example :

   I do not go to school everyday. Erna does not go to school everyday.

   I do not go to school everyday, neither does Erna.

Definite and Indefinite Pronoun

Definite Pronoun is replaces a noun that’s identity has been clearly given.

There are two types of definite pronouns:

1) personal:  I, you, she, he, it, we, they, you, me, her, him, us, them  

Example: Would you like to study together after class?


2) demonstrative: this, that, these, those
Example: There 10 cherry trees outside the school gate.  Those are my favorite trees at our school.



Indefinite Pronoun is refers to something that is not definite or specific or exact.
The indefinite pronouns are : all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone, These indefinite pronouns can also be used as indefinite adjectives in some cases.

Note that many indefinite pronouns also function as other parts of speech. Look at "another" in the following sentences:

• He has one job in the day and another at night. (pronoun)
• I'd like another drink, please. (adjective)

Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of them can be singular in one context and plural in another. The most common indefinite pronouns are listed below, with examples, as singular, plural or singular/plural.

Notice that a singular pronoun takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree(in number and gender). Look at these examples:

• Each of the players has a doctor.
• I met two girls. One has given me her phone number.

Expressing of Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

Now we learn about Expressing of Satisfaction  and Dissatisfaction :D

Definition of Satisfaction is to expressing good feeling; sense of comfort or happiness.Definition of Dissatisfaction is expressing lack of satisfaction.

Expressing Satisfaction :

Ø   It is with great pleasure that...!

Ø  It gives me great satisfaction..

Ø  I'm very pleased with it

Ø  A most delightful example of..

Ø  What a beautiful story!

Ø  Great, love it.

Ø  I'm content with.

Ø  I'm satisfied with it.

Ø   I'm completely satisfied with what you've done for me.

Ø  It was satisfactory.

Ø   Everything was just fine.

Ø  I'm happy enough with it.

Ø  Good enough.

Ø  Good job.

Ø  I’m satisfied with ….

Ø  I am very happy.

Ø  I like it.

Ø  I enjoy it very much.

Expressing Dissatisfaction:

Ø  It is disappointing that.!

Ø  It is unacceptable

Ø  This is the limit I won't take any more of...

Ø  Well, this is most unsatisfactory.

Ø  The concert is so boring.

Ø  What an awful meeting

Ø  It's not as good as I thought.

Ø  It isn’t very nice.

Ø  It’s really not good enough.

Ø  I’m dissatisfied by ….

Ø  It’s dissatisfying.

Ø  Oh no.

Ø  I am a little dissatisfied with the service here.

Ø  I am a bit disappointed with the program.

Ø  The food was lousy.

Example "Expressing Satisfaction " :

           

Ø  Nothing satisfied him. He is always complaining.

Ø   I’m satisfied with the exam  result of my students.

Ø   The good news is satisfying.

Ø   The results of yours test are satisfactory.

Ø   Your success will be a great satisfaction to your parents.

Example "Expressing Dissatisfaction" :

Ø  The bad news dissatisfied me.

Ø   The workers were dissatisfied with their salaries.

Ø   The preparation for the basket ball competition is dissatisfying.

Ø   It is really a dissatisfying preparation. 

Public Service Announcements and Posters

§ Definition of Public Service Announcements:

Public service announcement/
advertisement (PSA) is a free commercial for a non profit organization.

§ Definition of Posters :

A poster is an informative and decorative way to attract the attention to the information it contains.

§ Advantages of PSA's

1.PSA's are generally inexpensive.

2.Most stations will allow you to include a    telephone number for more information in your PSA. 

3.PSA's tend to be really effective at encouraging the audience to do something.

4.PSA's tend to be really effective at encouraging the audience to do something.

Example of Publik Service Announcements :

Some ways to use posters in a literacy program:

1.  To advertise events or product;

2.  To display information or instructions;

   3.   To teach about some kinds of information

Example of Posters :

Transitions: Moreover, Furthermore, in Addition, Therefore, Consequently

Definition:

                Transitions words are certain words, expressions, or other devices that give text or speech greater cohesion by making it more explicit, or signaling, how ideas are meant by the writer or speaker to relate to one another. These are words and phrases that serve as bridges from one idea to the next, one sentence to the next, or one paragraph to the next. They keep the reader from having to find his or her own way and possibly getting lost in the reading.

Transitions can be placed:

• At the beginning of a clause and thus create a compound sentence, as in

• At the beginning of a sentence

• However, it would seem that my son will win all the prizes.

• At the end of the sentence

• Chris could keep all the prizes for himself, of course.

He told me, however, that he would share his prize with me.

I really thought I would win the family basketball pool; however, I made some poor choices.

Within the sentence

Transitions position: 

Transition word + subject + verb

v  Subject + transition word + verb

v  Subject + verb + transition word

Types of transitions:

Illustration  : specifically, such as.

Contrast: however, nevertheless, conversely, contrarily.

Addition: in addition, beside, moreover, further.

Time : after, then, finally, next, last.

Space: above, below, beneath.

Concession: although, even though, of course, at least.

Similarity or comparison: similarly, likewise.

Emphasis: above all, indeed, truly, furthermore.

Details : in particular, specifically, especially, namely.

Examples : for instance, for example, thus.

Consequence or result : consequently, hence, therefore,    accordingly.

Summary : in conclusion, consequently, therefore, finally.

Suggestion  : to the end, therefore, for this purpose.

Transitions in text:

Descriptive: above, under, near by, among, further, below.

Narrative : after, afterward, later, finally, one day, once.

Expository: in addition, furthermore, moreover, therefore, however, although, consequently.

Examples:

1. He is sick. Therefore, he can’t come.   

2. It is raining hard. Furthermore, Ryan’s house is a long way from school.

3. The test was difficult. In addition, the time was also limited.

4. Marry can read Spanish. However, she can’t speak it.

Noun Clauses

      
      A noun clause has a subject and verb and functions as a noun. A noun clause is a dependent clause or subordinate clause and is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause. Noun clauses usually begin with  how,  that,  what,  whatever,  when,  where,  which,  who, whoever, or why.

Noun clauses perform eight main grammatical functions within sentences in the English language. Both native speakers and ESL students must learn the eight functions to fully and correctly use noun clauses in spoken and written English. The eight functions of noun clauses are:

1. Subject
2. Subject complement
3. Direct object
4. Object complement
5. Indirect object
6. Prepositional complement
7. Adjective phrase complement
8. Appositive

1.Noun Clauses as Subjects

That noun clauses can perform is the subject. Subjects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that perform the action of or act upon the predicate.
Example :

•      How you will finish all your homework on time is beyond me.

•      That the museum cancelled the lecture disappoints me.

•      Whoever ate my lunch is in big trouble.

2.Noun Clauses as Subject Complements

That noun clauses can perform is the subject complement. Subject complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow a copular verb and describe the subject.
Example :

•      The truth was that the moving company lost all your furniture.

•      My question is whether you will sue the company for losses.

•      The  first  place winner will be whoever swims the farthest in an hour.

3. Noun Clauses as Direct Objects

That noun clauses can perform is the direct object. Direct objects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow and receive the action of a transitive verb.
Example :

•      The counselor has been wondering if she chose the right career.

•      Do you know when the train should arrive?

•      Our dog eats whatever we put in his bowl.

4.  Noun Clauses as Object Complements

That noun clauses can perform is the object complement. Object complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that directly follow and describe the direct object.
Example :

•      Her grandfather considers his biggest mistake that he did not finish college.

•      The committee has announced the winner whoever wrote the essay on noun clauses.

•      I have often declared the problem that most students do not understand grammar.

5. Noun Clauses as Indirect Objects

That noun clauses can perform is the indirect object. Indirect objects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow a ditransitive verb and indicate to or for whom or what is action of the verb is performed.
Example :

•      The judge will give what you said some deliberation during her decision.

•      The group has given that most Americans do not support their cause little consideration.

•      My parents gave that my brother wants his own car  much thought.

6. Noun Clauses as Prepositional Complements

That noun clauses can perform is the prepositional complement. Prepositional complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that directly follow a preposition to complete the meaning of the prepositional phrase.
Example :

•      Some people believe in whatever organized religion tells them.

•      We have been waiting for whoever will pick us up from the party.

•      My husband did not think about that I wanted some nice jewelry for my birthday.

7. Noun Clauses as Adjective Phrase Complements

That noun clauses can perform is the adjective phrase complement. Adjective phrase complements are defined as phrases and clauses that complete the meaning of an adjective phrase.
Example :

•      I am pleased that you are studying noun clauses.

•      The toddler was surprised that throwing a tantrum did not get him his way.

•      My brother is angry that someone dented his new car.

NOTE : Noun clauses most often function as adjective phrase complements when the adjective phrase is performing the function of subject complement.

           
8. Noun Clauses as Appositives

That noun clauses can perform is the appositive. Appositives are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that describe or explain another noun phrase.
Example :

•      That man whoever is he, tried to steal some library books.

•      The problem, that the storm knocked out power, is affecting the entire town.

•      Your question, whether you should wear the blue dress or pink one, is frivolous in the situation.